Microneedling is a cosmetic skin treatment in which tiny, sterile needles are used to create very small punctures in the skin.

These micro-injuries trigger your body’s natural healing response, which boosts collagen and elastin production - the proteins that keep skin firm and smooth.

Biostimulators are injectable treatments that stimulate your body to produce its own collagen over time.

They create controlled inflammatory response, which activates fibroblasts leading to new collage and elastin formation.

Examples of products classified as bio stimulators are Sculptra ( PLLA) Radiuses ( CaHA).

Bio-remodelling focuses on improving skin quality, duration, and elasticity, rather than building volume.

Uses highly purified hyaluronic acid in a way that spreads through the skin and; hydrates deeply, simulates, mild collagen and elastin production and improves skin texture and glow.

Common examples are Profhilo.

Polynucleotides are long chains of smaller units called nucleotides. They are essential biological molecules that make up genetic material.

What is a nucleotide?

Each nucleotide has three parts:

• a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)

• a phosphate group

• a nitrogenous base (like adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil)

What is a polynucleotide?

A polynucleotide forms when many nucleotides are linked together in a chain by phosphodiester bonds.

The two most important polynucleotides are:

• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – stores genetic information

• RNA (ribonucleic acid) – helps use that information to make proteins

🧠 Simple way to think of it

• Nucleotide = one “building block”

• Polynucleotide = a long “string” of those blocks

  Polynucleotides carry and transmit genetic information in living organisms, controlling how cells function and reproduce.

  Rejuran is a skin treatment that uses polynucleotides (PN)—DNA fragments usually derived from salmon—to help repair and rejuvenate damaged skin. When injected into the skin, these polynucleotides stimulate cell growth, improve tissue repair, and boost hydration. They work at a cellular level to support healing rather than just filling or tightening the skin.

  As a result, Rejuran is commonly used to improve skin texture, especially thin crepey skin around the under eye, reduce fine lines, minimise acne scars, and restore overall skin quality. It’s often described as a “skin healer” rather than a traditional filler, with gradual, natural-looking results developing over a series of treatments.

Neurotoxins are purified proteins that temporarily relax specific muscles by blocking nerve signals. Common examples include Botox, Dysport, and Xeomin. By reducing muscle movement, they smooth dynamic wrinkles like frown lines and crow’s feet. The effects are temporary, typically lasting a few months before muscle activity gradually returns.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers are injectable gels made from a substance naturally found in the skin that helps retain moisture and volume. When placed beneath the skin, they add fullness, smooth wrinkles, and enhance facial contours while also attracting water to keep the area hydrated.

Fillers are widely used for areas like lips, cheeks, and smile lines, with results that are temporary and typically last from several months up to about a year depending on the product and treatment area.